contruction of SKA observatory begins in australia + south africa

SKA Observatory to become the biggest science facility

On December 5, 2022, construction of the world’s largest radio astronomy observatory, the SKA Observatory (SKAO), was launched in Australia and South Africa. The €300 million project will host the most advanced radio telescopes, providing astronomers with a fundamentally new way of exploring the universe. The Karoo region in South Africa will eventually see 133 SKA-Mid dishes added to the existing 64 of the SKA-precursor telescope MeerKAT to form a mid-frequency instrument. Meanwhile, West Australia’s Wajarri Country will host a low-frequency array of 131,072 antennas (SKA-Low) shaped like Christmas trees, allowing the two telescopes to cover a wide swath of radio frequencies.

‘The SKA Observatory’s telescopes will be one of humanity’s biggest-ever scientific endeavors. I have been involved with the SKA project for the past 30 years, so to finally see the start of on-site construction is a momentous occasion,’ commented SKAO Director-General, Professor Diamond.

131,072 antennas (SKA-Low) shaped like Christmas trees | all images © SKAO

mapping the universe in unprecedented ways

Probably the most impressive feature of the SKA-Low antennas is using them to explore and map what scientists call the ‘dark ages’ of the Universe — i.e., the first billion years of its existence when the earliest stars and galaxies were bourgeoning. Such scientific exploration is only made possible by the size and number of antennas that will spread across Australia and South Africa in the next decade, providing a significant leap in sensitivity (x8), resolution, and survey speed (x135) — a revolutionary improvement in comparison to existing telescopes.

‘Over the past fifty years we’ve seen our understanding of the Universe revolutionized,’ said Dr. Sarah Pearce, SKA-Low Telescope Director and head of telescope operations in Australia. ‘The SKA Observatory will define the next fifty years for radio astronomy, charting the birth and death of galaxies, searching for new types of gravitational waves, and expanding the boundaries of what we know about the Universe. [They] will be sensitive enough to detect an airport radar on a planet circling a star tens of light years away, so may even answer the biggest question of all: are we alone in the Universe?‘

existing AAVS2.0 prototype station in West Australia blending with a future SKA-Low stations rendering

a multinational collaboration and construction

In Australia, the SKA Observatory will collaborate with CSIRO, the country’s national science agency, to build and operate the telescopes. CSIRO’s Executive Director of Digital, National Facilities, and Collections, Professor Elanor Huntington, said the benefits of the SKAO were not limited to astronomy. ‘Much of the technology and engineering required for the telescope to work need to be developed for the first time,’ she stated.

‘These advances in engineering, signal processing, and computing will not only benefit the astronomy community but Australian industry as we move further into our data-driven future. The SKAO’s telescopes are providing an opportunity for Australians to innovate and share with the global community. We’re all coming together to not only learn more about the Universe but drive advances in data handling and signal processing.’

artist’s impression of the future SKA-Mid dishes in South Africa

As the telescopes require vast infrastructure, listed company Ventia will put up site-wide power and fiber infrastructure in the SKA-Low telescope’s core and spiral arms and fabricate and commission the central and remote processing facilities. Additionally, the Power Adenco joint venture in South Africa will construct gravel access roads, cast dish foundations, lay on power and optical fiber networks, erect security fencing, and more.

Italian company SIRIO will build the low-frequency antennas for the SKA-Low telescope in Western Australia, with important participation from the UK. In China, one of the Observatory’s long-term partners, CETC54, will manufacture the SKA-Mid telescope’s dish structure. Parts will be produced in several countries, including Italy, Spain, and South Africa.

With its large infrastructure and telescope component contracts in place, the SKAO is on track to reach its next milestone: ensuring the first four SKA-Mid dishes and six SKA-Low stations (of 256 antennas each) work together as a telescope. That said, the first two antenna stations are due to be completed by May 2023, while the first dish is set to be installed in April 2024, followed by three to four dishes each month.

Procuring mass-produced dishes and antennas represents a step-change for radio astronomy. Instead of bespoke and one-off components, manufacturers can develop new techniques to produce such elements, potentially offering new product lines. ‘Thanks to the telescopes’ design as interferometers – where the signals of multiple telescopes are combined to act as one giant telescope – the first notable scientific results can be expected before the telescopes are completed at the end of the decade,’ noted the observatory.

stills taken from animations of the SKA-Mid telescope in South Africa

The SKA telescopes will be managed from the SKAO’s Global Headquarters at Jodrell Bank near Manchester in the United Kingdom. Scientists will use the two arrays over the course of their expected 50-year lifespan to answer crucial questions about the earliest epochs of the universe, and unravel some of the most profound mysteries in astrophysics.

stills taken from animations of the SKA-Mid telescope in South Africa